According to aviation analyst Henry Harteveldt, the airline`s contract of carriage[3] favours the company, not the passenger. Involuntary refusal to board is not uncommon[4], but the distance after boarding because the seat is necessary for others is “extremely rare”. Nevertheless, an airline has the right to do so under the contract. “Remember, this is their plane and their seat — you only rent it to get from point A to point B,” Harteveldt told Business Insider. [5] The Regulation on the International Carriage of Goods by Road was harmonized in 1956 with the Convention on the International Carriage of Goods by Road (CMR) of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (EEC), based in Geneva and Contracting Party to the CMR, which includes both EEC and non-EEC Member States. This treaty is known as CMR, which derives from the French title convention relating to the contract for the international carriage of goods by road. The CMR is also known as the CMR waybill. 2. Cases of carriage of goods involving common services shall be heard, at the option of the plaintiff, in one of the abovementioned forums and, if the carrier is the defendant, in one of these cases the action may be brought only against the first or last carrier.

The rules of this Convention shall not limit the rules of bilateral or multilateral agreements between States Parties relating to the international carriage of goods or the more favourable practices applied by those States with regard to this Convention. In particular, the standardised contract of carriage, which is contained in all the general conditions of the carrier`s contract and mentioned in the general conditions of freight forwarders, establishes minimum standards for the carrier`s liability, for example in the event of loss or damage. This is the person or company that ships goods or passes them on to another party for handling. The shipper may also be a retailer who sells the goods in the domestic market. In some cases, the consignee acts as an exporter or shipper in foreign trade. A procurement officer who is the primary point of contact for your exports and who owns the exports can also be called a shipper, including locating your facilities and organizing the necessary documentation. d. the place and date of loading of the goods and the place indicated for delivery to the place of destination; A significant degree of universal uniformity has been achieved through air regulation of the movement of goods. In view of the problems of conflict of laws which result from this in the event of disagreement between Contracting Parties of different nationalities, Governments have considered it appropriate to cooperate in the elaboration of mutually agreed conventions regulating international traffic. The Warsaw Convention of 1929, as revised by the Hague Protocol of 1955, is an example of a special regulatory approach to the problems of the carriage of goods. It represents an important step towards the universal unification of the laws governing the carriage of goods by air.

This Convention covers the international carriage of passengers, baggage and goods without purpose and the carriage of goods free of charge by an air carrier. When the goods are shipped, physical ownership of the goods passes from the exporter to the carrier. At that time, the payment may not have been received by the exporter. This makes the bill of lading an essential part of the transaction. This allows the exporter to hand over ownership of the goods to the carrier, indirectly giving him control of the goods during the transport process. At common law, the bill of lading acts as a semi-negotiable instrument. However, under international laws and conventions, bills of lading are fully negotiable instruments in all jurisdictions, unless they show prima facie that they are non-negotiable. There are two main types of bills of lading in foreign trade that can be used as a document of title, namely a negotiable (open) bill of lading and a non-negotiable bill of lading (right). The negotiable bill of lading orders the carrier to deliver the goods to a person who is in possession of the original negotiable instrument, which in turn reflects ownership and control of the goods. The non-exchangeable bill of lading indicates a specific consignee to whom the goods are to be delivered and does not in itself reflect ownership of the goods. For this purpose, a negotiable bill of lading must be used for the sale of goods.

These points in a contract for the carriage of goods are important because they identify the goods being transported, the consignor, the carrier, the consignee and the manner in which the consignment is transported. They also lay down the legal obligations of all contracting parties. g. RECIPIENT or CONSIGNEE is the person authorized to receive the goods. e. CARRIER: the person carrying out the carriage of goods by road; The carrier is liable for the loss or damage of the goods and delays in the delivery or non-delivery of the goods, unless he proves the cat for one of the following reasons: A contract of carriage defines the legal responsibilities of the carrier and the user. The carrier can be a carrier, an air carrier, a sea carrier, etc., and the user is either the shipper or the consignee. one. CONTRACT FOR THE CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY ROAD is any contract in which the carrier undertakes, against payment of a tariff or price, to transport goods by land from one place to another in vehicles using road as transport infrastructure; A contract of carriage is a contract negotiated between the carrier and the consignor for the carriage of goods. The owner of the cargo would literally mean the owner of the cargo. It can be a person or organization that paid for the cargo under a legal contract. The precedent recognized the right of the owner to take legal action for loss of or damage to the goods.

In a contract for the international carriage of goods by road, the parties may submit to an arbitral award any dispute arising or arising between them. Arbitration may be ad hoc or institutional, and if it is arbitration under the law, the provisions of this Convention shall apply. e. the general nature of the goods, their apparent condition, the main markings necessary for their identification, the number of packages or parts and the gross weight; The carriage of goods in an international freight shipment has been standardized by international conventions. These requirements ensure uniform application of rules and laws. The common types of contracts of carriage are as follows: this Convention applies to the international carriage of goods by road, provided that the place of dispatch of the goods is in a Contracting State and that the place of their delivery is in another Contracting State, even if the vehicle used is itself carried, for part of the itinerary; by another mode of transport, without the goods being unloaded, or if the transport is carried out through shared services. The recipient is the person to whom a shipment of goods is to be delivered and therefore has certain legal rights and obligations. The consignee is required to present the bill of lading issued by the carrier for receipt of the consignment. The consignee is also responsible for the payment of customs duties and other depreciation that the carrier may incur at the port of entry. The consignee is also responsible for inspecting the goods for possible damage. This Convention shall not apply to carriage carried out in accordance with international postal conventions or other international treaties.

Under no circumstances may this Convention contain restrictions on border navigation facilities, in particular those relating to free transit, which the Contracting States currently agree or could possibly mutually agree upon and for which the bill of lading may be lifted. .